Promotion Gloria Jeans Coffees

Introduction In every organisation, there are some key management decisions about marketing, which play a pivotal role in determining the performance of an organisation. Managers have the ability to control these variables in their attempt to maximize the satisfaction level of their customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Promotion: Gloria Jean’s Coffees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These include the product, price, distribution and management. These variables are referred to as management mix. When combined in the right manner, these management mix variables contribute in improving the performance of an organisation. To Gloria Jean’s coffees, promotion as a marketing strategy has significantly contributed to the company’s success. Gloria Jean’s coffees started as a family coffee shop near Chicago, United States, almost thirty years ago. Currently, Gloria Jean’s coffee ha s been ranked as the second largest coffee retailer in the world (Becatti, 2007). Furthermore, the organisation has opened eight hundred stores all over the world. Gloria Jean’s coffee is the market leader in several countries. For instance, the company has dominated the market in Australia. The company has been attracting cooperation of other companies due to its well developed reputation. For instance, the company joined hands with hospitality major Citymax India to launch a chain of coffee house across India in early 2008 (Rao, 2009). Up to date, the company has been expanding. One strategy that has contributed to this rapid expansion is promotion. Recently, the company has opened a shop in South Africa. According to Becatti (2007), the company has recorded a rate of growth of between 35 and 45 percent since its establishment in February 2007. In order to protect its market, the company should effectively apply promotion as a marketing policy mix. This will enable the comp any to maintain high level of sales.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As already noted, promotion is one of the main marketing mix variables used in maximizing the level of customer satisfaction. The promotion process involves selling the company’s product to the potential consumers. Promotion tools used by Gloria Jean’s Coffees As already noted, Gloria Jean’s Coffees is one of the most successful coffee franchises in the world. The company has recorded a high rate of expansion and growth which has been the main factors which have contributed to its growth. The company’s success can be attributed to its well structured promotion strategy that is part of its marketing mix. The company uses several methods of promotion. These include advertising, public relations, personal selling, media, and messages. Gloria Jean’s Coffees supplies each of it s market with adequate marketing tools, a factor which has significantly contributed to its success (Gloria Jean’s Coffees, 2011). The company has applied intensively best practices in promotions as well as images in its effort to deliver in the markets its core values which involves adaptation to the local tastes Advertising In advertising, Gloria Jean’s Coffees Company uses several types of media to pass information to the potential customers. In most cases, the company benefits from this method when it opens a new shop in a certain region. The company applies variety of media including print, broadcast and display media. Television is one of the frequently used media by the company. One of the main advantages of using television is because it helps the company to reach a greater number of its target audience. Therefore, this media lowers the promotion cost per head. Through this method of advertisement, the company has managed to build its brand in the new market. T his method has yielded good returns through increased sales revenue. Another method of advertisement which has been applied by the Gloria Jean’s Coffees Company is the display media. This method has also significantly contributed in increasing sales of the organisation. Through the display media, the company uses attractive pictures which easily draw the attention of the targeted audience in the market. Consequently, the company manages to pass information more easily to the group. One major advantage of this medium of advertisement is that it is more cost effective. It does not require large sums of money like in the case of television.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Promotion: Gloria Jean’s Coffees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advertisement as a method of promotion is associated with a number of advantages. To start with, advertisement is effective in reaching a wide range of audience (Treha n, M and Trehan, R., 2009).This is more so when advertising is conducted through a media which reaches a large number of people. The method will reach greater number of people compared to other methods like the sales promotion. Another advantage of this method is that it is most effective in creating awareness. When the audience views a certain advert on television regularly, this increases their awareness of the product in the market. This builds their curiosity to try the new product. This significantly helps in increasing sales. Again, advertising helps in building customer trust through repetition of the main brand and product. Despite these achievements of advertising as a method of promotion, it suffers some limitations. To start with, it is impersonal and, therefore, it becomes impossible to answer the customer’s questions (Lamb, 2009). However, when a product is introduced in a new market, customers usually have some questions about the product. By using this method i n promotion, Gloria Jean’s Coffees is limited in interacting with the customers effectively. For instance, the company sometimes needs to learn about the customers’ tastes and preferences. In this method of promotion, it becomes difficult to pick views from the potential customers. This may limit the success of promotion to some extent. When used on its own, this method is not effective in making the customer to make their final decisions in purchasing the product. In other words, this method is not solely reliable in convincing the customers to purchase the product. Sales promotion Sales promotion is another method which the company has employed in promotion. Sales promotion has also significantly helped the organisation to boost sales volume. In addition, sales promotion has been of great importance in creating consumer awareness. Through promotion, the company has managed to make their potential customers aware of the product in the market. This method has been of g reat importance when the company is venturing into new markets. As already noted, the company has been growing at a very high rate. For instance, it has opened a new shop at Johannesburg. In such a region, most of the people may not be aware of the company’s product.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, it becomes very difficult to sell the product in such market. However, the company has managed to bring awareness to the potential customers through sales promotion. This attracts customers hence increasing the level of sales. One advantage of using sales promotion is that it can stimulate quick increases in sales by targeting promotional incentives on particular products. These can significantly help in improving the performance of the organisation in the short run. This method has helped Gloria Jean’s Coffees in increasing the sales in their market networks. However, this method of promotion suffers from the fact that excessive promotion can be dangerous. For instance, customers may get used to the effect in the long-run. Again, promotion can also be harmful on the fact that it may damage the image of the brand (Trehan, M and Trehan, R., 2009). Personal selling This is a process where the sellers engage in oral communication with the potential buyers with an a im of making a sale. This method has significantly helped Gloria Jean’s Coffees increasing the level of sales. Through this method, the company manages to convince potential customers to consume its products. This helps in winning consumers from the competitors in the coffee market. One advantage of this method is that it is interactive and, therefore, possible to get the feedback from the customers on their views on the product. This helps the company in analyzing the tastes of consumers in a certain region. Through this method, the company manages to pass important details about its product to its customers. This method, however, suffers from the limitation that it is not possible to reach a very large number of people. Therefore, it proves impotent in some cases whereto the market is too big. This method is also costly as it requires the organisation to hire more sales force which comes along with hidden costs. This has negatively affected the productivity of the organisat ion. Public relations According to Pezzullo (1998), public relations play an important role in helping an organisation and its public in adapting mutually to each other. Gloria Jean’s Coffees Company has used public relations in increasing its sales. The company uses this method by creating a good image in the eyes of the public through media hence encouraging positive commentary from them. This significantly contributes in promoting the company products in a certain market. One advantage of this method is that is possible to reach a large number of customers (Tutor2, 2011). This reduces the average costs of marketing the product. The message sent through public relations seems more credible as they are viewed as coming from different parties (Tutor2, 2011). This improves on the effectiveness in enticing consumers to buy the product. Public relations tools like magazines and newspapers have been of great importance to Gloria Jean’s Coffees Company while venturing in ma rkets all over the world where the company is not widely known. In such areas, the company uses the local media in building its credibility. This method suffers from the fact that the company may lose control. For instance, Gloria Jean’s Coffees Company cannot convince all the people what to say or write about them. Importance of promotion as a policy mix In every organisation, promotion is a very important practice in determining the success of an organisation. This is because the level of sales which a company makes is determined by the effectiveness of its promotional process. Therefore, it is necessary for organizations to invest in promotional activities. In the current business world, many consumers have developed a culture of looking for the promotions before purchasing (Anonymous, 1999). Therefore, it is important to conduct promotion in order to attract such kinds of consumers in an organisation. Another importance of promotion to the organisation is provision an ext ra incentive to purchase. For instance, by providing promotions to the consumers, it gives them a chance to realize the quality of the product. This can significantly help in attracting potential customers to start consuming the product. Another importance of promotion to Gloria Jean’s Coffees Company is that the process has led to an increase in impulse buying. When the company engages in promotional activities, some customers are enticed to buy even without the plans to do so. In the process, the organisation manages to increase the level of its sales significantly. The promotional practices also create excitement among the employees. This further provides an incentive to buy more of the company’s products. Promotion as one of the marketing mix plays a very important role every organisation. In the current business world, the market has become very competitive than any other time. Consumer expectations have also significantly changed. This situation has increased the need to have a clear promotion strategy. To Gloria Jeans Coffee’s, promotion has contributed to the success of the organisation in various ways. For instance, the company’s growth is expected to be about 20 per cent as a result of the extended promotional strategy. Through promotional activities, the company has reduced any confusion to the consumer in the oversaturated market where the communities are very common to each other. According to Gersowky, the word of mouth has significantly promoted the company’s products through the promotion activities. This has contributed in building the brand which promotes the level of sales. In its effort to venture into new markets, the company is forced to launch its new products. In this process, the company has to create awareness of the different product offerings so that the customer can be informed about the products while purchasing. Some limitations of promotion to the organisation Despite these achievements related to the promotional activities at Gloria Jean’s Coffees, the company has faced several limitations from these activities. One of the main reverse effects of promotion activities is that some consumers may just sit back and wait for the incentives. In such cases, the organisation fails to realize the desired aims of promotional activities. This implies that the company does not compensate for the funds spent in providing incentives to such consumers. In executing promotion as a marketing mix, the company incurs some costs. This has significantly reduced the profit margins of the company. Again, customers may tend to stock up during the promotion process which reduces the level of sales significantly. In this case, the promotional activities bring about reverse effects. When this happens, the promotional exercise fails as it will lead to losses. Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion has clearly shown that promotion has played a pivotal role at Gloria Jean’s Coffees C ompany. Promotion is significant as it has helped the organisation in selling its products to its potential customers. Without promotion, very few people will be aware of a particular product which is provided by an organisation in the market. In other words, promotion has helped the company in informing its potential customers on the presence of its product in the market. As we have already seen, Gloria Jean’s Coffees company has managed to spread its stores across the world through its ability to spread its promotional activities, a factor which has led to high level of sales. Promotion practices have also helped the organisation in enticing the customers to purchase its products. This is more so in the current market world which is characterized by a very high level of competition. The major concern of any business is to maximize its profits. The main way through which a business can increase its profits is by maximizing its level of sales. If an organisation cannot manage to sell what it produces, then it cannot be able to make maximum sales. As already seen, the best way through which an organisation can do this is through promotion. Therefore, promotion as a marketing mix tool has significantly contributed in improving the profitability of Gloria Jean’s Coffees. Reference List Anonymous. 1999. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P’s of Marketing). Web. Becatti, F. 2007. Marketing Mix: Strategic Marketing Insight. Vol 25 Issue No. 7/8 I 2007 I R25. Web. Gloria Jean’s Coffees. 2011. Immersed Marketing. Web. Lamb, C. 2009. Marketing. Canada, Cengage Learning. Pezzullo, M. 1998. Marketing financial services. U.S.A.: Kogan Page Publishers. Rao, R. 2010. Coffee – Other brands. Web. Trehan, M. and Trehan, R. 2009. Advertising and Sales Management. New Delhi: FK Publications. Tuto2. 2011. Promotion – introduction to the promotional mix. Web. This essay on Promotion: Gloria Jean’s Coffees was written and submitted by user Jason Day to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing an AP English Language Test Passage Essay

Writing an AP English Language Test Passage EssayReading the passage essay AP Lang sample prompt can be a useful tool when you are studying for the AP English Language Test. The passage is a sample that most students will use in their essay writing to help them write well.This test writing aid sample AP Lang is designed for the first time test taker. However, the prompts are very simple and easy to understand. With these sample questions, you will be able to find your stride in writing the essay.For the passage prompt, the student is asked to imagine a tree, with its branches extending all around the trunk, and some leaves, to symbolize the events of a student's life. The student must describe the scene, as clearly as possible. A one sentence summary should describe the scene. The passage should also begin with a sentence that describes what you are going to write, for example: 'What did you see, read, feel or do?'If your idea for the passage does not include an event, then you will have to create it. Start by providing some information about the branch in which you believe you are writing. Use the sample question to help you brainstorm on the scene.The AP Lang guide contains instructions for each section of the passage, from beginning to end. You will find questions that are similar to the passage, and others that can be adjusted to fit your needs. As you practice, you can write in a way that is similar to the passages in the guide.It is important to remember that there are no correct answers for each question in the AP Lang guide. Each student will come up with a different answer. For this reason, you will have to develop your own style. As you get better at answering the questions, you will develop the confidence that will make your essay stronger.In order to master the passage essay, you need to focus on the theme of the test paper. All your thoughts and feelings are going to be related to this topic. Your efforts to improve this skill will pay off.

Editing Essay Service

Editing Essay Service Editing Essay Service Editing Essay Service: Choosing a Proper One It is not a secret that in order to succeed in essay writing and to get the highest grade for your labour, you can do nothing but appeal to any editing essay service and give a proper proofreading to your essay. However, far not all the editing essay services are of the high quality and many of them do not conduct proper proofreading and editing of the text: If you really want to pay for qualified editing essay service and not to come across low-leveled custom essay writing company we recommend you to find out what custom writing company you are going to make use of presupposes under the word editing and how editing essay service is made. If this is a simple correction of grammar mistakes, we do not advise you to make use of such editing essay service, as it will not give you anything good except of spending your money. Editing Is More Than Grammar It is not difficult to correct grammar mistakes and you can cope with this task on your own. If speaking about professional editing essay service, it will not only correct all the existing grammar and lexical mistakes in your essay but also will arrange your essay in a proper way according to the existing requirements from it. You see it is not enough to present a text free of mistakes; if you really want to get A+ grade for your essay writing, you should present cohesive text built up according to all the existing rules and demands from it. That is why before choosing this or that editing essay service, better get to know whether it conducts full editing of your essay or it only corrects the mistakes or otherwise, you will pay for nothing and just waste your time and money. We Can Help You With Any Assignment! If speaking about our editing essay service, it should be mentioned that apart from the simple editing of the text we also conduct deep editing, which includes rewriting paragraphs, which are written in a poor way. After all the mistakes are corrected, we reread your essay one more time, make it be cohesive and logically built one. We are an editing essay service, which really helps students to receive the highest grade. Appeal to our custom writing, make use of our editing essay service and you are certain to win the highest grade for your essay writing. We are waiting for you at our custom writing site in order to give your essay proper editing essay service. Read also: Example of Essay Writing Deforestation Essay Computer Essay Professional Editing Service Online Essay Editing

Prometheus †The Fire-Bringer in Greek Mythology

Prometheus - The Fire-Bringer in Greek Mythology The term philanthropist is a perfect term for the great titan of Greek mythology, Prometheus. He loved us. He helped us. He defied the other gods and suffered for us. (No wonder he looks Christ-like in the painting.) Read what the stories from Greek mythology tell us about this benefactor of mankind. Prometheus is famous for a couple of seemingly unrelated stories: (1) the gift of fire to mankind and (2) being chained to a rock where every day an eagle came to eat his liver. There is a connection, however, and one that shows why Prometheus, the father of the Greek Noah, was called the benefactor of mankind. Gift of Fire to Mankind Zeus sent most of the Titans to Tartarus to punish them for fighting against him in the Titanomachy, but since second-generation Titan Prometheus had not sided with his aunts, uncles, and brother Atlas, Zeus spared him. Zeus then assigned Prometheus the task of forming man from water and earth, which Prometheus did, but in the process, became fonder of men than Zeus had anticipated. Zeus didnt share Prometheus feelings and wanted to prevent men from having power, especially over fire. Prometheus cared more for man than for the wrath of the increasingly powerful and autocratic king of the gods, so he stole fire from Zeus lightning, concealed it in a hollow stalk of fennel, and brought it to man. Prometheus also stole skills from Hephaestus and Athena to give to man. As an aside, Prometheus and Hermes, considered trickster gods, both have a claim to the gift of fire. Hermes is credited with discovering how to produce it. Prometheus and the Form of Ritual Sacrifice The next stage in Prometheus career as the benefactor of mankind came when Zeus and he were developing the ceremonial forms for animal sacrifice. The astute Prometheus devised a sure-fire way to help man. He divided the slaughtered animal parts into two packets. In one was the ox-meat and innards wrapped up in the stomach lining. In the other packet were the ox-bones wrapped up in its own rich fat. One would go to the gods and the other to the humans making the sacrifice. Prometheus presented Zeus with a choice between the two, and Zeus took the deceptively richer appearing: the fat-encased, but inedible bones. Next time someone says dont judge a book by its cover, you may find your mind wandering to this cautionary tale. As a result of Prometheus trick, forever after, whenever man sacrificed to the gods, he would be able to feast on the meat, so long as he burned the bones as an offering for the gods. Zeus Gets Back at Prometheus Zeus responded by hurting the ones Prometheus loved most, his brother and the humans. Prometheus Continues to Defy Zeus Prometheus was still not awed by the might of Zeus and continued to defy him, refusing to warn him of the dangers of the nymph Thetis (future mother of Achilles). Zeus had tried punishing Prometheus through his loved ones, but this time, he decided to punish him more directly. He bade Hephaestus (or Hermes) chain Prometheus to Mount Caucasus where an eagle/vulture ate his ever-regenerating liver each day. This is the topic of Aeschylus tragedy Prometheus Bound and many paintings. Eventually, Hercules rescued Prometheus, and Zeus and the Titan were reconciled. The Human Race and the Great Flood Meanwhile, Prometheus had sired the human man named Deucalion, one of the noble couple whom Zeus had spared when he caused the creatures of the earth to be destroyed by a flood. Deucalion was married to his cousin, the human woman Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. During the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha stayed safely on a boat like Noahs ark. When all the other evil humans had been destroyed, Zeus caused the waters to recede so that Deucalion and Pyrrha could land on Mount Parnassus. While they had each other for company, and they could produce new children, they were lonely and sought help from the oracle of Themis. Following the oracles advice, they threw stones over their shoulders. From those thrown by Deucalion sprang men and from those thrown by Pyrrha came women. Then they had their own child, a boy whom they called Hellen and after whom the Greeks were named Hellenes.

Aritzia Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aritzia - Statistics Project Example Spring and autumn prove to a host the country’s best weather. However, the geography of England means that the weather can change in short distances (Woodlands, 2014). The surrounding sea gives England a varied climate but generally there are warm summers but they are cooler than those on the continent. The winters are also milder and do not go below 0 degree centigrade frequently. The summer temperature is around 32 degrees and is often damp and subject to frequent changes. The warmest month in England is July and around the coastal area, February is normally the coldest month (Woodlands, 2014). These conditions can greatly affect the product range which should be present at Aritzia. This means that the range of jackets and sweaters must not be too heavy duty. Really warm fur or fleece lined jackets and sweaters would not be suitable for the generally mild winters. Warm woolen ranges should suffice for the winters in the United Kingdom. Their category of blouses, dresses, jeans, t-shirts and jumpsuits etc. should be extensive and not made of cloth that is too warm. Seeing the damp and summery conditions, their clothing line should include clothes made of material that breathes and is suitable for the mild hot and damn summers. To make full use of the brand equity of Aritzia and to successfully compete with the competition, it will be necessary to set up a local subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Aritzia is a Canadian women’s fashion boutique that was started in Vancouver in 1984. It has stores in North America including Seattle, San Francisco, Toronto, Chicago and New York (Aritzia, 2014). It is a brand endorsed by many celebrities including Megan Fox, Emma Stone and Eva Mendes (Fashion Base, 2014). Hence in order to make full use of this brand equity, it is necessary to have full brand presence in the country and not rely on joint ventures of sales agents which might

University Convenience Store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

University Convenience Store - Essay Example Strength can be used to overcome the weakness experienced by firm. The location of the convenience stores in the university of New Brunswick Saint John campus is the biggest strength. The location of the store is easily traceable and hence approached by the students. Also the availability of wide range of products both for national and international students adds on to the strength. Weaknesses: The strength of its competitors might result in the greatest weakness for the convenience store. This is because of the fact that the competitor’s of the convenience store, the university cafeteria, the Chinese golden leaf market, the circle K market at Irving gas station, and Saputo Inc have already made its presence in the university making it difficult for the convenience store to acquire the position. Opportunity: The steady growth rate for convenience stores act as an opportunity for the university. Also with the introduction of new products catering mostly the international studen ts, the convenience stores have the opportunity to grow in the near future. Threats: Major threat lies from the competitors of the convenience stores which are located in the university. The major competitors include the university cafeteria, the Chinese golden leaf market, the circle K market at Irving gas station, and Saputo Inc. The University’s Cafeteria had a proper location and has helped to served it to be the main attraction. Market-Product Grid The market product grid is a useful tool used in targeting the customers; it is an instrument which addresses specifically the segmentation and targeting aspect. The market product grid which was depicted by Eric Berkowitz, Roger Kerin, William Rudelius and Steven Hartley consists of a matrix where markets represent vertical axis and products on the horizontal axis (Fortenberry & Fortenberry, 2009, p. 102). The Market-Product grid of the convenience stores is as follows, Market-Product Grid for Convenience store Markets/products Grocery items Stationary Items Toiletry Items Others Students 1 3 2 2 Othe r staffs and outsiders 3 2 3 2 3- Large market; 2-medium market; 1-small market; 0-nil The above grid shows the market product grid for the convenience store. It can be seen that the market for the convenience stores has been divided into two parts one is for the students and the other for the other members residing near the university. Accordingly the demand for the products have been categorized where 3 represents large market, 2 represents medium market, 1 small market and 0 nil. In case of university convenience store, the demand for stationery items seems to higher in demand each representing 3; grocery items represented 1 in case of students but 3 in case of other staffs and other member’s residing on or near the university. The demand for toiletry seems to be high in case on non students and medium for student’s category. However this can be concluded that the demand for the convenience store, both for the markets seems to be high throughout the year resulting i n higher profits and more customers. Product (features) The opening of convenience store in the university campus will be of a great deal because the campus is located in the out strikes of the city and there is no convenient availability of groceries and other products available to students. The store will be of a great convenience to the student community as there is a high need of such store in the area. The store will provide a hassle free experience of shopping (Targeting

The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of Freedom Essay -- essays research

The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of Freedom There are many ways to describe what freedom is; in fact Webster’s dictionary offers nine different explanations of what the word means. â€Å"A right or the power to engage in certain actions without control or interference,† is one of the most ubiquitous definitions. There are many ways to describe freedom and American history has portrayed it in very contradictory manners. In the late 1700’s, it was very obvious that America’s forefathers sought freedom as they based their revolution on the principal of emancipation but it was only a short while later that the freedoms of others within the country were being inhibited by slavery. Slavery inhibits civil liberties and in a land of equal opportunity, such as America, needed to be removed. Freedom and slavery have always been closely related but the issues that surround the terms have been handled very differently by the leaders of the nation. Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the USA, is a key fi gure against the oppression of people and an activist in the struggle to remove slavery and gain freedom for all. Freedom is an antonym of slavery. After years of fighting to gain independence and essentially freedom from the King of England, America became a slave endorsing entity. This era of American history is a bit of a paradox, why would people fight so hard for justice just to take away the freedoms of another people? In the United States, Slavery existed primarily in the southern states. In 1800, there were nearly 900,000 slaves in the U.S. only 40,000 of which were in the Northern states. It was in the south where large plantation owners bought people to perform grueling manual labor. These dark skinned people were literally worked to death on many occasions and rarely saw any form of retribution from their owners. Men, women and children alike had their civil liberties ripped from them at birth and were treated like misused animals for all of their lives. Many people believed that this treatment of African Americans was inhumane but sadly did not act to stop the brutal imprisonment. Many of society’s earliest leaders â€Å"regarded slavery as evil and inconsistent with the principles of the Declaration of Independence.† However they hesitated to take political action to prohibit the enslaving of people because many southerners saw the ownership of slaves was... ...tizens all within its borders. The suppression of one person’s rights while another is allowed to take advantage of those lost liberties no longer has a place in this world. Abraham Lincoln ensured an undivided country and abolished its reason for separation by reinstating the true meaning of the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln guaranteed freedom and justice to all of this country’s citizens as his forefathers who led the American Revolution had intended. Works Cited: Cox, LaWanda C. Fenlason. Lincoln and black freedom : a study in presidential leadership. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1981. â€Å"Liberty," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation.  © 1993-1998 â€Å"Lincoln, Abraham," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation.  © 1993-1998 â€Å"Slavery in the United States.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation.  © 1993-1998 The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth Edition Houghton Mifflin Company:  © 2000 Wightman Richard Fox, and James T. Kloppenberg, eds. A Companion to American Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1995.